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In the pigment industry, rutile titanium dioxide is widely used due to its brightness and extremely high refractive index, which provides excellent hiding power in paints, plastics, paper, inks, fibers, and foods. It is the most common white pigment because of its non-toxicity, stability, and ability to reflect all colors of light equally. The use of rutile titanium dioxide in paint formulations ensures long-lasting, vibrant colors that are resistant to fading caused by exposure to sunlight.

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The integrity of surface skin cells was evaluated with and without solar simulated irradiation. The integrity of the stratum corneum was significantly lower in individuals treated with P25TiO2NPs under the light in comparison to the ones that received the functionalized nanoparticles. Cell membrane suffering is evident (Fig. 9), and it is in accordance with the ROS levels and macromolecule oxidation found in vitro for the irradiated P25TiO2NPs. Disruption of the superficial skin layer was observed in all animals treated with no functionalized nanoparticles, under irradiation. This data expands the findings by the group of Professors Fubini and Fenoglio, who showed that P25TiO2NPs could impact the lipid structure at the top few microns of the stratum corneum [55]. Control skin under irradiation and without any topic formulation did not show changes in cell structure.

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